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Basic Computer Engineering BT:-205 Unit 1 Handwritten notes

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Thermodynamics and Steam Engineering (BME):- BT-203 RGPV 1st semester Handwritten Notes

 Thermodynamics   Overview:  Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the relationships between heat, work, and energy. It deals with the principles governing the behavior of systems, whether they are physical, chemical, or biological, and their interactions with energy.        👉 Download Full PDF 👈 Key Concepts: 1.Laws of Thermodynamics: Zeroth Law: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.  First Law (Conservation of Energy): Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another. Second Law (Entropy): In any energy transfer or transformation, the total entropy of a closed system always increases, reaching a maximum at equilibrium. Third Law : As a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy approaches a minimum constant          👉 Download Full PDF 2. Thermodynamic Systems:   ...
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Engineering Physics (Lasers) 1st year

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  LASERS Einstein's groundbreaking theory of matter-radiation interaction laid the foundation for our understanding of lasers, introducing key concepts such as spontaneous and stimulated emission. In this theory, atoms can transition between energy states, emitting photons spontaneously or due to external stimulation. This stimulated emission forms the basis for the amplification of light in lasers. The A and B coefficients, integral to Einstein's theory, quantify the probabilities of these processes. The A coefficient represents the likelihood of spontaneous emission, while the B coefficients describe the probabilities of stimulated emission and absorption. These coefficients are crucial in understanding how lasers function and how they amplify light. Laser operation relies on achieving population inversion, a state where more atoms are in higher energy states than lower ones. This condition is necessary for stimulated emission to dominate over absorption, leading to the ampli...
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